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Leendert Pieter de Neufville
Leendert Pieter de Neufville (Amsterdam, March 8, 1729Rotterdam, July 28, 1811) was a Dutch merchant and banker trading in grain, silk, spices and silver. His business grew very fast during the Seven Years' War using a financial innovation: the so-called ''wisselruiterij'' or "cavalry bonds", bills of exchange not backed by any real transaction.〔("Banking sector reform" ), Green Paper D66〕 After the peace of Hubertusburg in February 1763 he went to Berlin to offer his help in reviving the Prussian Asiatic Company. There he met with Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, the owner of a silk factory who had bought a huge amount of grain, stored in warehouses, after the Russian army had withdrawn from Pommerania, etc. De Neufville invested 100.000 guilder in Gotzkowsky's project. When the grain prices continued to drop within the next three months they could no longer meet their obligations.〔(Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great by W.O. Henderson )〕 On 18 July General Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky forced Gotzkowsky to pay for the (rotten) grain.
The brothers De Neufville closed their business on 29 July and De Neufville he went bankrupt on 3 August 1763, as Gotzkowsky did on the next day. This also brought other banks, especially in Hamburg and Berlin into trouble, resulting in a confidence crisis, during which the banks were unwilling to give each other credit. An international banking crisis ensued, which extended to Stockholm.〔(Risks at Sea: Amsterdam Insurance and Maritime Europe, 1766-1780 by Frank C. Spooner )〕 On 2 August Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann, a merchant from Hamburg arrived in Amsterdam, who would come back to city within a few weeks.
Gotzkowsky was saved by Frederick the Great, who bought his porcelain and silk factory in August/September 1763. From then on it became known as KPM. The Prussian king also tried to help De Neufville, but the Amsterdam mayors were not interested in saving the company. On 7 October 1763 De Neufville was placed under guardianship. The Amsterdam Chamber of Insolvent Estates became responsible for his property. Twice an auction was organized to sell his paintings (in December 1763 and June 1765).〔Jonathan Bikker (2012) The hidden collection of the spectacularly bankrupt banker Leendert Pieter de Neufville, p. 186〕 De Neufville promised to pay back his debtors 70, 60 and then 50%. As he did not succeed to pay his debtors more than 10% his debtors went to court in 1770.
Untill 1777 De Neufville lived in Amsterdam or on his estate near Heemstede. The next year De Neufville had moved to Rotterdam, where he remarried in 1805. Another auction of paintings was held in 1804; De Neufville had a special interest for the German painter Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich.〔J. Bikker (2012) The hidden collection of the spectacularly bankrupt banker Leendert Pieter de Neufville, p. 201〕 In the year of his death the debtors received another 1%.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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